Retirees today may have something to smile about. While 2022 was a rough year for markets, bond yields are currently at their highest in years, and equity dividends are generally higher, which means more income-earning potential for those in retirement.

The last time the yield on the U.S. Bloomberg Aggregate Index (core bonds) was in the 4%–5% range was in early 2009. Since then and until recently, generating reliable income from invested assets was challenging. This problem was particularly acute for retirees, who typically have lower risk tolerance, and thus tend to lean naturally toward fixed income.

The preference for yield is understandable. It can help individuals seek a replacement to the “paycheck” received during their working years with periodic proceeds expected from dividend payments.^Footnote1  According to the 2022 PIMCO Defined Contribution Consulting Study,^Footnote2  86% of consultants say that their clients want to withdraw about 4%–5% annually from their investment portfolio to fund living expenses. For the first time in over a decade, the target distribution yield is a realistically achievable goal (see Figure 1). Yields on core bonds and corporate credit more than doubled last year. Dividend yields on stocks also have risen to more attractive levels.

When yields are higher as they are today, meeting retirement income goals is considered more attainable. For illustrative purposes, let’s say we have a retirement account balance of $500,000. If rates are 2%, retirement savings would generate only $10,000 of annual income. However, if rates are 5%, a portfolio invested with the same level of risk would generate $25,000 annually.

Why is an income orientation important?

In theory, whether income comes organically (from dividends and bond coupons) or via the realization of capital gains may make little difference: The investor could produce the same level of portfolio “income”.^Footnote3  However, in an income-oriented approach, consumption increases when the level of organic income is high, and vice versa. This is consistent with the tendency of retirees to anchor their annual expenditures to income (see the Employment Benefit Research Institute’s (EBRI) 2018 study^Footnote4). The income-oriented approach has three important potential advantages in retirement.

• First, it can allow for a simpler way to spend portfolio income because dividend and coupons arrive in the investor’s account at regular intervals. Investors don’t necessarily need to generate income by selling assets at regular intervals.
• Second, converting savings into a stream of monthly “paychecks” to support consumption and postponing the start of Social Security benefits has historically resulted in a payment increase of about 8% for each year benefits are delayed up to the age of 70, according to the Social Security Administration.
• Third, an income orientation can create an automatic spending-adjustment mechanism that may consequently help enable those spending primarily from income to counter sequence-of-returns risk. This is the risk of crystallizing portfolio losses by spending from principal following poor market performance (see our 2021 In Depth piece, “A Framework for Understanding Sequence-of-Returns Risk in DC Plans”).

We think higher yields today may be able to support annual withdrawals of 4%–5% per year (after inflation), and this holds for a diversified bond portfolio and for a stock/bond portfolio. The higher-yielding environment today should be a tailwind for both.

In the median (blue line) in Figure 2, wealth remains basically steady even at age 90, so withdrawals sustain consumption while principal remains untouched. Only a severe scenario for returns, such as in the 5th percentile case (the black dashed line), leads to depletion of principal at age 89. This kind of extreme outcome is expected only rarely. Projections for a 4.3% annual drawdown at today’s yields are based on PIMCO’s supersecular (greater than 10 years) asset return estimates, which include our estimate of 2% annual inflation.

Benefits of a stock/bond portfolio approach to retirement income

Of course, savings today are meant to support consumption in the future, and the last few years have shown that inflation can occur quickly and unexpectedly and deliver a devastating blow to the purchasing power of savings. Therefore, we believe consumption should be viewed in inflation-adjusted (real) dollars. A stock/bond (balanced portfolio) approach to retirement income, one that combines high-dividend stocks and yield-oriented bonds, can be useful in providing a high level of current income while also preserving long-term purchasing power of assets (for more detail, see our 2021 In Depth piece, “Asset Allocation for Retirement Income: A Framework for Income-Oriented Investors”).

Stocks, especially high-dividend equities, can be a useful source of income and capital appreciation over time. Furthermore, as stocks represent a claim on a company’s earnings, they may be helpful in keeping up with inflation in the long run, as earnings should eventually adjust to the overall inflation rate in the economy. Thus, with higher dividend yields in 2022, certain stocks may distribute a high level of current income and facilitate potential future real income growth and thus potentially align nicely with a retirement-income objective. Of course, combining stocks and bonds can often lead to stronger risk-adjusted results due to diversification benefits from combining less-than-perfectly correlated assets, but all investments contain risk and may lose value.

A simple path to retirement income

Anchoring spending to income is a relatively straightforward way for retirees to help preserve their assets. It can also mitigate the likelihood of running out of money, even decades after they have started to live off their savings. EBRI’s research shows us that is what many people actually do. And those who take it a step further and defer Social Security to maximize payments may meaningfully increase their guaranteed real income.

Today, with higher yields and dividends on bonds and stocks, we believe the ability of an investment portfolio to generate organic income is improved. Generating a 4%–5% yield from a portfolio of high-yielding stocks and bonds appears achievable without taking on excess risk compared with one or two years ago.

¹ Investment products contain risk and may lose value. There is no guarantee that an investment product will be successful in producing income. Investors should consult their investment professional prior to making an investment decision. Return to content↩

² All responses were collected from 4 January 2022 through 7 March 2022. The study results contain the opinions of the respondents and not necessarily those of PIMCO. The data contained within the report is not related to any PIMCO product or strategy and should not be relied upon for any investment decision. Return to content↩

³ Assumes investments are held in a non-taxable account Return to content↩

⁴ Sudipto Banerjee, “Asset Decumulation or Asset Preservation? What Guides Retirement Spending?” EBRI Issue Brief, no. 447 (Employee Benefit Research Institute, 3 April 2018). Return to content↩